DESCRIPTION
The first synopsis form is denoted by two operands, neither of which are existing files of type directory. The
cp utility shall copy the contents of
source_file (or, if
source_file is a file of type symbolic link, the contents of the file referenced by
source_file) to the destination path named by
target_file.
The second synopsis form is denoted by two or more operands where the
−R option is not specified and the first synopsis form is not applicable. It shall be an error if any
source_file is a file of type directory, if
target does not exist, or if
target does not name a directory. The
cp utility shall copy the contents of each
source_file (or, if
source_file is a file of type symbolic link, the contents of the file referenced by
source_file) to the destination path named by the concatenation of
target, a single <slash> character if
target did not end in a <slash>, and the last component of
source_file.
The third synopsis form is denoted by two or more operands where the
−R option is specified. The
cp utility shall copy each file in the file hierarchy rooted in each
source_file to a destination path named as follows:
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*
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If target exists and names an existing directory, the name of the corresponding destination path for each file in the file hierarchy shall be the concatenation of target, a single <slash> character if target did not end in a <slash>, and the pathname of the file relative to the directory containing source_file.
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*
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If target does not exist and two operands are specified, the name of the corresponding destination path for source_file shall be target; the name of the corresponding destination path for all other files in the file hierarchy shall be the concatenation of target, a <slash> character, and the pathname of the file relative to source_file.
It shall be an error if
target does not exist and more than two operands are specified, or if
target exists and does not name a directory.
In the following description, the term
dest_file refers to the file named by the destination path. The term
source_file refers to the file that is being copied, whether specified as an operand or a file in a file hierarchy rooted in a
source_file operand. If
source_file is a file of type symbolic link:
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*
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If the −R option was not specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file referenced by the symbolic link, and not by the symbolic link itself, unless the −P option was specified.
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*
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If the −R option was specified:
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--
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If none of the options −H, −L, nor −P were specified, it is unspecified which of −H, −L, or −P will be used as a default.
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--
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If the −H option was specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file referenced by any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand.
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--
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If the −L option was specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file referenced by any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand or any symbolic links encountered during traversal of a file hierarchy.
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--
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If the −P option was specified, cp shall copy any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand and any symbolic links encountered during traversal of a file hierarchy, and shall not follow any symbolic links.
For each
source_file, the following steps shall be taken:
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1.
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If source_file references the same file as dest_file, cp may write a diagnostic message to standard error; it shall do nothing more with source_file and shall go on to any remaining files.
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2.
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If source_file is of type directory, the following steps shall be taken:
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a.
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If the −R option was not specified, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
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b.
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If source_file was not specified as an operand and source_file is dot or dot-dot, cp shall do nothing more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
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c.
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If dest_file exists and it is a file type not specified by the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008, the behavior is implementation-defined.
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d.
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If dest_file exists and it is not of type directory, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with source_file or any files below source_file in the file hierarchy, and go on to any remaining files.
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e.
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If the directory dest_file does not exist, it shall be created with file permission bits set to the same value as those of source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p option was not specified, and then bitwise-inclusively OR'ed with S_IRWXU. If dest_file cannot be created, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files. It is unspecified if cp attempts to copy files in the file hierarchy rooted in source_file.
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f.
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The files in the directory source_file shall be copied to the directory dest_file, taking the four steps (1 to 4) listed here with the files as source_files.
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g.
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If dest_file was created, its file permission bits shall be changed (if necessary) to be the same as those of source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p option was not specified.
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h.
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The cp utility shall do nothing more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
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3.
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If source_file is of type regular file, the following steps shall be taken:
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a.
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The behavior is unspecified if dest_file exists and was written by a previous step. Otherwise, if dest_file exists, the following steps shall be taken:
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i.
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If the −i option is in effect, the cp utility shall write a prompt to the standard error and read a line from the standard input. If the response is not affirmative, cp shall do nothing more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
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ii.
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A file descriptor for dest_file shall be obtained by performing actions equivalent to the open() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using dest_file as the path argument, and the bitwise-inclusive OR of O_WRONLY and O_TRUNC as the oflag argument.
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iii.
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If the attempt to obtain a file descriptor fails and the −f option is in effect, cp shall attempt to remove the file by performing actions equivalent to the unlink() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using dest_file as the path argument. If this attempt succeeds, cp shall continue with step 3b.
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b.
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If dest_file does not exist, a file descriptor shall be obtained by performing actions equivalent to the open() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using dest_file as the path argument, and the bitwise-inclusive OR of O_WRONLY and O_CREAT as the oflag argument. The file permission bits of source_file shall be the mode argument.
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c.
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If the attempt to obtain a file descriptor fails, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
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d.
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The contents of source_file shall be written to the file descriptor. Any write errors shall cause cp to write a diagnostic message to standard error and continue to step 3e.
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e.
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The file descriptor shall be closed.
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f.
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The cp utility shall do nothing more with source_file. If a write error occurred in step 3d, it is unspecified if cp continues with any remaining files. If no write error occurred in step 3d, cp shall go on to any remaining files.
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4.
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Otherwise, the −R option was specified, and the following steps shall be taken:
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a.
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The dest_file shall be created with the same file type as source_file.
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b.
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If source_file is a file of type FIFO, the file permission bits shall be the same as those of source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p option was not specified. Otherwise, the permissions, owner ID, and group ID of dest_file are implementation-defined.
If this creation fails for any reason,
cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with
source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
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c.
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If source_file is a file of type symbolic link, and the options require the symbolic link itself to be acted upon, the pathname contained in dest_file shall be the same as the pathname contained in source_file.
If this fails for any reason,
cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with
source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
If the implementation provides additional or alternate access control mechanisms (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008,
Section 4.4,
File Access Permissions), their effect on copies of files is implementation-defined.
RATIONALE
The
−i option exists on BSD systems, giving applications and users a way to avoid accidentally removing files when copying. Although the 4.3 BSD version does not prompt if the standard input is not a terminal, the standard developers decided that use of
−i is a request for interaction, so when the destination path exists, the utility takes instructions from whatever responds on standard input.
The exact format of the interactive prompts is unspecified. Only the general nature of the contents of prompts are specified because implementations may desire more descriptive prompts than those used on historical implementations. Therefore, an application using the
−i option relies on the system to provide the most suitable dialog directly with the user, based on the behavior specified.
The
−p option is historical practice on BSD systems, duplicating the time of last data modification and time of last access. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 extends it to preserve the user and group IDs, as well as the file permissions. This requirement has obvious problems in that the directories are almost certainly modified after being copied. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 requires that the modification times be preserved. The statement that the order in which the characteristics are duplicated is unspecified is to permit implementations to provide the maximum amount of security for the user. Implementations should take into account the obvious security issues involved in setting the owner, group, and mode in the wrong order or creating files with an owner, group, or mode different from the final value.
It is unspecified whether
cp writes diagnostic messages when the user and group IDs cannot be set due to the widespread practice of users using
−p to duplicate some portion of the file characteristics, indifferent to the duplication of others. Historic implementations only write diagnostic messages on errors other than
[EPERM].
Earlier versions of this standard included support for the
−r option to copy file hierarchies. The
−r option is historical practice on BSD and BSD-derived systems. This option is no longer specified by POSIX.1‐2008 but may be present in some implementations. The
−R option was added as a close synonym to the
−r option, selected for consistency with all other options in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 that do recursive directory descent.
The difference between
−R and the removed
−r option is in the treatment by
cp of file types other than regular and directory. It was implementation-defined how the
− option treated special files to allow both historical implementations and those that chose to support
−r with the same abilities as
−R defined by this volume of POSIX.1‐2008. The original
−r flag, for historic reasons, did not handle special files any differently from regular files, but always read the file and copied its contents. This had obvious problems in the presence of special file types; for example, character devices, FIFOs, and sockets.
When a failure occurs during the copying of a file hierarchy,
cp is required to attempt to copy files that are on the same level in the hierarchy or above the file where the failure occurred. It is unspecified if
cp shall attempt to copy files below the file where the failure occurred (which cannot succeed in any case).
Permissions, owners, and groups of created special file types have been deliberately left as implementation-defined. This is to allow systems to satisfy special requirements (for example, allowing users to create character special devices, but requiring them to be owned by a certain group). In general, it is strongly suggested that the permissions, owner, and group be the same as if the user had run the historical
mknod,
ln, or other utility to create the file. It is also probable that additional privileges are required to create block, character, or other implementation-defined special file types.
Additionally, the
−p option explicitly requires that all set-user-ID and set-group-ID permissions be discarded if any of the owner or group IDs cannot be set. This is to keep users from unintentionally giving away special privilege when copying programs.
When creating regular files, historical versions of
cp use the mode of the source file as modified by the file mode creation mask. Other choices would have been to use the mode of the source file unmodified by the creation mask or to use the same mode as would be given to a new file created by the user (plus the execution bits of the source file) and then modify it by the file mode creation mask. In the absence of any strong reason to change historic practice, it was in large part retained.
When creating directories, historical versions of
cp use the mode of the source directory, plus read, write, and search bits for the owner, as modified by the file mode creation mask. This is done so that
cp can copy trees where the user has read permission, but the owner does not. A side-effect is that if the file creation mask denies the owner permissions,
cp fails. Also, once the copy is done, historical versions of
cp set the permissions on the created directory to be the same as the source directory, unmodified by the file creation mask.
This behavior has been modified so that
cp is always able to create the contents of the directory, regardless of the file creation mask. After the copy is done, the permissions are set to be the same as the source directory, as modified by the file creation mask. This latter change from historical behavior is to prevent users from accidentally creating directories with permissions beyond those they would normally set and for consistency with the behavior of
cp in creating files.
It is not a requirement that
cp detect attempts to copy a file to itself; however, implementations are strongly encouraged to do so. Historical implementations have detected the attempt in most cases.
There are two methods of copying subtrees in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008. The other method is described as part of the
pax utility (see
pax). Both methods are historical practice. The
cp utility provides a simpler, more intuitive interface, while
pax offers a finer granularity of control. Each provides additional functionality to the other; in particular,
pax maintains the hard-link structure of the hierarchy, while
cp does not. It is the intention of the standard developers that the results be similar (using appropriate option combinations in both utilities). The results are not required to be identical; there seemed insufficient gain to applications to balance the difficulty of implementations having to guarantee that the results would be exactly identical.
The wording allowing
cp to copy a directory to implementation-defined file types not specified by the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 is provided so that implementations supporting symbolic links are not required to prohibit copying directories to symbolic links. Other extensions to the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 file types may need to use this loophole as well.